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At the late 1980s new approach to artificial intelligence called nouvelle AI was invented by Rodney Brooks who is part of MIT artificial intelligence laboratory. Nouvelle AI had different approach to classical artificial intelligence unlike aim of symbolic AI was to produce human level performing AI however nouvelle AI tried to create systems with intelligence at the level of insect. This approach brought large impact in on Europe. "nouvelle AI rejects symbolic AI’s reliance upon constructing internal models of reality, such as those described in the section micro-world programs" eventually, at least at MIT, new AI did lead to an attempt for humanoid AI in the Cog project. A central idea of nouvelle AI is that Stucketuer of intelligence are very simple behaviours emerged to form complex behaviours for-example simple behaviours such as moving forward and avoiding an obstetrical. Further more micro robot which use use nouvelle AI whose simple behaviours are collision avoidance and moving toward a moving object which produce movement that robot is chasing a moving object. Brooks focussed in his work on building robots that acts like simple insects and try to go remove from traditional characteristics of AI. As an example he created insect like robots are called Allen(after Allen Newell) and Herbert(after Herbert Simon)" where Allen has a ring of twelve ultrasonic sonars as its primary sensors and three independent behaviour-producing modules". Which was programmed to avoid both stationary and moving object with only this module activated, aleen stayed in the middle of a room until object is approached and then ran away while avoiding obstacles in the way. Herbert was used infra-red sensors to avoid crashing to obstacles and a laser system to collect 3D data of the depth over a distance about 12 feet from the front of the Herbert. And Herbert also carried number of simple sensors in his hand. The real world environment they tested was in a busy offices and work spaces of the AI lab. Which made it to search for empty soda cans and carrie it away to do this 15 simple behaviour was emerged to do goal directed behaviour. Other robots inverted by Brooks team called Genghis. Robot that has 6 leg that walks over rough terrain and will obediently follow a human, and squirt, which bides in dark corners until a noise beckons it out, when it will begin to follow the source of the noise Brooks agreed that level of nouvelle AI has came near the complexity of real insect.Which brought up a concsen that these situated AI is whether insect level behaviour is reasonable goal for nouvelle AI. == The frame problem == The products of using nouvelle AI and symbolic AI are quite different for example Shakey and Freddy. These contained an internal model (or "representation") of their micro-worlds consisting of symbolic descriptions,this structure of symbols have been renewed as the robot moved or the world changed. The robots planning program assess the program structure until descriptions were derived of actions that would transform the current situation into the situation we wanted.All this computation required a large amount time to process, because of this Shakey performed its task very slowly. Even though it was designed carefully to minimised the complexity of the internal model. In contrast, Brooks' robots contain no internal model of the world. As an example Herbert discard the information received from the sensors attached and the information never store more than two seconds in side the robot. AI researchers always had a problem of updating,searching and otherwise manipulating.A large structure of symbols in realistic amounts of time the frame problem.The fame problem has always been problem to symbolic AI.Some experts say that frame problem is largely insolvable and maintains and restructuring will not increased the yield genuinely intelligent systems,as a example CYC have succumb to from problem before the AI system has reached the level of human knowledge. Nouvelle AI has solved frame problem.Since nouvelle system do not have model of complicated symbolic environment.environment. Information is send "out in the world"until when system needs it . A nouvelle system refers continuously to its sensors rather than to an internal model of the world . It process the external world information it need from the sencses when it is required.As Brooks puts it, "the world is its own best model--always exactly up to date and complete in every detail". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Nouvelle AI」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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